国务院关于严格保护珍贵稀有野生动物的通令(附英文)
国务院
国务院关于严格保护珍贵稀有野生动物的通令(附英文)
国务院
我国是世界上拥有野生动物种类最多的国家，占世界种类总数百分之十以上。其中大熊猫、金丝猴、台湾猴、羚牛、白唇鹿、黑麂、白鳍豚、扬子鳄、中华鲟、白鲟、褐马鸡、雉鹑、黑颈鹤等一百多种是闻名世界的我国特产珍贵稀有野生动物。此外，还有丹顶鹤、白鹤、朱■、黑鹳、
天鹅、黄腹角雉、绿尾虹雉、白冠长尾雉、多种长臂猿、叶猴、毛冠鹿、雪豹、野骆驼等珍稀濒危种类的野生动物。野生动物是我国一项宝贵的自然资源，长期以来由于多方面的原因，使这项自然资源面临枯竭的危险。保护及合理利用这项资源，对维护自然生态平衡，开展科学研究，发展
经济、文化、教育、医药、卫生等事业有着重要意义。近几年来，不少地区仍发生猎捕珍贵稀有野生动物，严重破坏这些动物的栖息环境事件，以及违章出口这些动物及其产品等违法行为。
为了坚决制止上述违法行为，加强珍贵稀有野生动物保护管理工作，特通令如下：
一、保护珍贵稀有野生动物是建设社会主义精神文明和物质文明的一项重要内容，是每个公民应尽的职责。各级人民政府应高度重视，加强领导，责成有关部门，采取有效措施，切实抓好这项工作。要加强保护珍贵稀有野生动物的宣传教育，造成强大的社会舆论，力求做到家喻户晓，
深入人心，使爱护珍贵稀有野生动物逐渐成为一种新的社会风尚和美德。为了把这项工作搞好，各地应结合“爱鸟周”及本地区的具体情况，集中一段时间开展这方面的宣传教育活动。
二、坚决制止乱捕滥猎珍贵稀有野生动物。要严格执行国家和省、市、自治区关于保护珍贵稀有野生动物的规定，对违反这些规定，私自猎捕珍贵稀有野生动物，买卖，走私出口这些动物及其产品的违法犯罪活动，必须彻底追查，依法惩办。要抓住典型案件，从严从速处理，关在报刊
上公布，以教育广大干部和群众。与此同时，对保护珍贵稀有野生动物有显著成绩的单位和个人要给予表扬和奖励。
三、各地要进一步加强对狩猎生产和猎枪、猎具的管理。未经国务院主管部门批准，任何单位不准擅自生产、销售猎枪和汽枪。国家关于禁猎的地区和时间以及禁止使用的狩猎工具和方法的规定，必须严格执行，违者依法惩处。
四、禁止珍贵稀有野生动物及其产品的出口。如有特殊需要出口时，必须按国家规定严格履行审批手续，并由“中华人民共和国濒危物种进出口管理办公室”核准，发给允许出口证明书。
五、加强珍贵稀有野生动物的科学研究工作，有计划地开展这些动物的资源考察和人工驯养繁殖等工作。为了驯养目的需要捕捉国家规定保护的野生动物时，应按规定履行审批手续。
六、注意保护珍贵稀有野生动物的生存环境。对珍贵稀有野生动物的主要栖息繁殖地区应按国家规定划为保护区或禁猎区，加强管理和建设。对于濒危野生动物的主要繁殖地应禁止一切影响其繁殖生存的生产活动。
以上通令，应公告全体公民周知，切实遵照执行。(附英文)
A CIRCULAR DECREE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING STRICT PROTEC-TION OF PRECIOUS AND RARE WILD ANIMALS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
A CIRCULAR DECREE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING STRICT PROTEC-
TION OF PRECIOUS AND RARE WILD ANIMALS
(Promulgated on April 13, 1983)
Ours is a country which has the largest varieties of wild animals in the
world, accounting for over 10% of the world's total number of varieties of
wild animals. Among these wild animals are giant panda, golden monkey,
Taiwan monkey, takin, Cervus albirostris, Muntiacus crinifrons, Chinese
river dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), Chinese alligator, Acipenser sinensis,
Chinese paddlefish, Crossoptilon mantchuricum, jacana, and black-necked
crane, and others --- a total of more than 100 species of precious and
rare wild animals, well known to the world and found exclusively in our
country. Besides those mentioned above, there are some wild animals, such
as red-crowned crane, white crane, red ibis, Ciconia nigra, swan, yellow-
ventraled horned jacana, green-tailed jacana, white-crowned long-tailed
pheasant, gibbon, black-leaf monkey, tufted deer, snow leopard, and wild
camel, which are species of precious and rare wild animals on the brink of
extinction. Wild animals are valuable natural resources of our country,
but for a long time, owing to various reasons, these natural resources
have been faced with the danger of being exhausted. The protection and
rational utilization of these natural resources are of great significance
in maintaining ecological balance, carrying on scientific research,
developing national economy, and promoting the development of culture,
education, medicine, and public health. In the past few years, cases of
hunting precious and rare wild animals, seriously destroying the habitats
of these wild animals, and the illegal acts of exporting these animals and
products made from them, have been frequently reported in various places.
This circular decree is hereby issued in order to check resolutely the
aforesaid illegal acts, and strengthen the protection of and the
administration concerning the precious and rare wild animals:
(1) The protection of precious and rare wild animals constitutes an
important aspect in promoting socialist spiritual civilization and
socialist material civilization, and is also a bounden duty of every
citizen. The people's government at various levels should attach great
importance to this task, strengthen their leadership, and give
administrative orders to the departments concerned to adopt effective
measures to carry out this task. It is imperative to step up publicity and
educational work concerning the protection of precious and rare wild
animals so as to form powerful public opinion in support of this task. The
significance of this task should be made known to everybody, to every
household, so that a new social mode will gradually form under which the
protection of precious and rare wild animals is seen as a virtue and is
concerned by the whole society. In order to do a good job in this respect,
it is necessary to launch a publicity campaign for a period of time; while
we do this, we should integrate our publicity campaign with another
activity --- "a weekly publicity campaign for the protection of birds" ---
and take the local specific conditions into consideration.
(2) Indiscriminate catching and wanton hunting of precious and rare wild
animals must be checked resolutely. The provisions concerning the
protection of precious and rare wild animals, promulgated by the State and
by the provinces, the municipalities directly under the Central Government
or the autonomous regions, must be executed strictly. Those who have
violated these provisions and are engaged in hunting precious and rare
wild animals, in buying, selling, or smuggling out of the country these
animals and products made from them illegally, must be thoroughly
investigated and penalized according to law. Typical cases shall be dealt
with promptly and severely, and be published in newspapers for the purpose
of educating all cadres and the broad masses. At the same time, units and
individuals that have done a good job in protecting precious and rare wild
animals shall be commended and rewarded.
(3) The departments concerned in various places must further strengthen
the control over the hunting occupation and over hunting occupation and
over hunting rifles and hunting gear. Without the approval of the
competent authorities under the State Council, no units are permitted to
manufacture and sell hunting rifles and air guns. The provisions
promulgated by the State concerning the prohibition of hunting in certain
areas and hunting in certain seasons, and of the use of a particular kind
of hunting gear and hunting method, must be strictly executed; those who
have violated these provisions shall be penalized according to law.
(4) The exportation of precious and rare wild animals and products made
from them is forbidden. In cases where such exports are necessary, the
cases must be handled by strictly going through the procedures for
examination and approval in accordance with the provisions promulgated by
the State, and the said cases shall be examined and approved by the Office
of the People's Republic of China for the Administration of the Import and
Export of Species on the Brink of Extinction, which shall be responsible
for issuing the export certificate.
(5) Scientific research on precious and rare wild animals shall be
strengthened. Research work shall be conducted in a planned way into the
resources survey and the artificial breeding and raising methods of such
animals. In case that wild animals, which should be protected in
accordance with the provisions promulgated by the State, have to be caught
for the purpose of carrying on experiments in the domestication of wild
animals, it is necessary to go through the prescribed procedures for
examination and approval.
(6) Attention should be paid to the protection of the environment for the
survival of precious and rare wild animals. The chief habitats and areas
of breeding for precious and rare wild animals shall, in accordance with
the provisions promulgated by the State, be designated as nature reserves
or sanctuaries, the administration of which should be strengthened and the
construction speeded up. With respect to the chief breeding places for
those wild animals that are now on the brink of extinction, all production
activities that might adversely affect the breeding and subsistence of the
aforesaid animals shall be banned.
The circular decree, as defined above, is hereby made known to all
citizens, who have the obligations to carry it out conscientiously.
1983年4月13日
对重婚罪的理解及认定
王春胜
根据刑法第258条的规定，重婚是指有配偶而与他人结婚或者明知他人有配偶而与之结婚的行为。刑法界曾对重婚罪名中结婚的内涵产生过争议，争议的焦点是结婚除包括登记结婚外，是否还包括以夫妻名义与他人共同生活形成的事实婚姻。1994年12月14日最高人民法院在一个批复中明确规定“新的《婚姻登记管理条例》（1994年1月12日国务院批准，1994年2月1日民政部发布）发布施行后，有配偶的人与他人以夫妻名义同居生活的，或者明知他人有配偶而与之以夫妻名义共同生活形成事实婚姻关系；另一种是明知他人有配偶而与之登记结婚或者以夫妻名义共同生活形成事实婚姻关系的。至此，刑法界在“结婚的内涵问题上”基本达成共识，即认为重婚包括以下二种类型：一种是有配偶而与他人登记结婚或者以夫妻名义共同生活形成事实婚姻的；另一种是明知他人有配偶而与之登记结婚或者以规律名义共同生活形成事实婚姻关系的；理论界对重婚罪名的探讨多集中在对结婚概念的理解上，却忽略了对重婚罪名中“有配偶”这个概念的研究探讨，其实对有配偶“这个概念理解得清晰、准确与否直接关系到对重婚罪名的认定，因此，有必要对其内涵进行法律上的界定。当然，曾经也有学者对“有配偶”做过解释，如有人认为“有配偶是指男子有妻、女子有夫，而且这种夫妻关系还处在存续期间。有人认为”有配偶“是指男女夫妻关系未经正式法律程序解除而尚在存续期间。以上解释都仅仅停留在字面上，而且其解释中男子有妻、女子有夫，夫妻关系这些词本身就是一些非常模糊的概念，可以说这些解释不仅在理论在难于让人认同，而且在审判实践中也不易掌握。实际上我国在不同时期对婚姻问题实行过不同的政策，“有配偶”作为一个法律概念并非静态的，而是一个动态的概念。笔者认为，“有配偶”从法律意义上说应该是指有效婚姻关系存续期间，有效婚姻关系包括因登记结婚而形成的婚姻关系和法律上认可的事实婚姻关系。“有配偶”的动态性主要是指不同时期事实婚姻的效力的变化。
事实婚姻是婚姻法上的一个概念，是指没有配偶的男女，不进行结婚登记，即以夫妻名义共同生活，群众也认为是夫妻关系的婚姻。对于事实上形成的婚姻关系法律采取有条件的予以承认的政策。最高人民法院1989年11月颁布的《关于人民法院审理未办结婚登记而以夫妻名义同居生活案件的若干意见》（以下简称意见）规定：（1）1986年3月15日《婚姻登记办法》施行之前，未办结婚登记手续即以夫妻名义同居生活，群众也认为是夫妻关系的，一方起诉离婚，如起诉时双方均符合结婚法定条件的，可认定为事实婚姻关系，如起诉时一方或双方不符合结婚的法定条件，应认定为非法同居关系；（2）1986年3月15日《婚姻登记办法》施行以后到1994年2月1日民政部《婚姻登记管理条例》发布之日止，没有配偶的男女，未办结婚登记手续即以夫妻名义同居生活，群众也认为是夫妻关系的，一方向另一方起诉“离婚”，如同居时双方均符合结婚的法定条件，可认定为非法同居关系；（3）新的婚姻登记管理条例施行之日起，未办结婚登记即以夫妻名义同居生活的，按非法同居关系对待。从以上规定可知，我国只对二种情况下的事实婚姻予以承认，赋予其法律效力，承认其合法、有效。有效婚姻关系具体包括登记结婚和第（1）、（2）二种情况下的事实婚姻关系。重婚行为应理解为对这些有效婚姻关系的侵犯。人民法院在认定重婚罪时，应首先确定哪一个婚姻关系为有效婚姻关系，然后在此基础上结合重婚罪的构成要件确定被告是否构成重婚罪。对重婚罪名做以上理解有助于准确、及时地认定并审理重婚案件。当然，由于历史和社会环境等原因，也不能一概将侵犯有效婚姻关系的重婚行为认定为重婚罪，根据最高人民法院《关于贯彻执行民事政策法律的意见》规定，对以下重婚行为可不按重婚罪论处：（1）己婚者被拐卖后被迫与他人登记结婚或以夫妻名义同居生活的；（2已婚者因自然灾害被迫外流，为谋生而与他人登记结婚或以夫妻名义同居生活的；（3）因婚后一贯受虐待或为摆脱强迫、包办婚姻，被迫逃往外地后为生存而又与他人登记结婚或以夫妻名义同居生活的。
